Generate primes by primorials

Having been fascinated by prime numbers for a long time, I immediately found intriguing the work of my friend Vincenzo Sambito based on VincS theorem (you can find it in his website). Initially, it was challenging for me to understand, but it was highly stimulating for my love of prime numbers and Python programming. To verify the formula, I initially used the Miller-Rabin test to generate the primorial and then employed the algorithm of Vincenzo to determine the primality of the subsequent number.

The formula seemed effective from the start, but the challenge was to create a standalone program without the support of the "engine" provided by the Miller-Rabin formula. After several attempts, I succeeded in appropriately fine-tuning the program using the original formula of Vincenzo, including the conditions used in the demonstration.

Below are some examples, using the "engine" constituted by the Miller-Rabin formula in the first cases, where the remainders are also included. In the second cases, only the formula based on the primorial was used. For brevity, only the produced prime numbers and the last used primorial are reported:

Number to test for exit 0: 30

0 remainder 0

0 remainder

The number 30 is composite

Time taken 0.078 seconds

Number to test for exit 0: 29

17 remainder 0

28 remainder

12 remainder

17 remainder

1 remainder

The number 29 is prime

Time taken 0.094 seconds

Number to test for exit 0: 2467

2466 remainder 0

1 remainder

The number 2467 is prime

Time taken 0.062 seconds

Number to test for exit 0: 2469

0 remainder 0

0 remainder

The number 2469 is composite

Time taken 0.141 seconds

Numbers to test up to 567:

808257643035939103769006214256896739823014172881267515160156380830612761965890129174707361224853008913337275647939942103238936297486443180324966994308714639417900025083617192258128526820642069809490702156042073079776431677671930 Final primorial

Time taken 0.620 seconds

Numbers to test up to 1000:

19590340644999083431262508198206381046123972390589368223882605328968666316379870661851951648789482321596229559115436019149189529725215266728292282990852649023362731392404017939142010958261393634959471483757196721672243410067118516227661133135192488848989914892157188308679896875137439519338903968094905549750386407106033836586660683539201011635917900039904495065203299749542985993134669814805318474080581207891125910 Final primorial

Time taken 0.780 seconds

Number 1 to test up to 0: 10000

[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 277, 281, 283, 293, 307, 311, 313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353, 359, 367, 373, 379, 383, 389, 397, 401, 409, 419, 421, 431, 433, 439, 443, 449, 457, 461, 463, 467, 479, 487, 491, 499, 503, 509, 521, 523, 541, 547, 557, 563, 569, 571, 577, 587, 593, 599, 601, 607, 613, 617, 619, 631, 641, 643, 647, 653, 659, 661, 673, 677, 683, 691, 701, 709, 719, 727, 733, 739, 743, 751, 757, 761, 769, 773, 787, 797, 809, 811, 821, 823, 827, 829, 839, 853, 857, 859, 863, 877, 881, 883, 887, 907, 911, 919, 929, 937, 941, 947, 953, 967, 971, 977, 983, 991, 997, 1009, 1013, 1019, 1021, 1031, 1033, 1039, 1049, 1051, 1061, 1063, 1069, 1087, 1091, 1093, 1097, 1103, 1109, 1117, 1123, 1129, 1151, 1153, 1163, 1171, 1181, 1187, 1193, 1201, 1213, 1217, 1223, 1229, 1231, 1237, 1249, 1259, 1277, 1279, 1283, 1289, 1291, 1297, 1301, 1303, 1307, 1319, 1321, 1327, 1361, 1367, 1373, 1381, 1399, 1409, 1423, 1427, 1429, 1433, 1439, 1447, 1451, 1453, 1459, 1471, 1481, 1483, 1487, 1489, 1493, 1499, 1511, 1523, 1531, 1543, 1549, 1553, 1559, 1567, 1571, 1579, 1583, 1597, 1601, 1607, 1609, 1613, 1619, 1621, 1627, 1637, 1657, 1663, 1667, 1669, 1693, 1697, 1699, 1709, 1721, 1723, 1733, 1741, 1747, 1753, 1759, 1777, 1783, 1787, 1789, 1801, 1811, 1823, 1831, 1847, 1861, 1867, 1871, 1873, 1877, 1879, 1889, 1901, 1907, 1913, 1931, 1933, 1949, 1951, 1973, 1979, 1987, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2011, 2017, 2027, 2029, 2039, 2053, 2063, 2069, 2081, 2083, 2087, 2089, 2099, 2111, 2113, 2129, 2131, 2137, 2141, 2143, 2153, 2161, 2179, 2203, 2207, 2213, 2221, 2237, 2239, 2243, 2251, 2267, 2269, 2273, 2281, 2287, 2293, 2297, 2309, 2311, 2333, 2339, 2341, 2347, 2351, 2357, 2371, 2377, 2381, 2383, 2389, 2393, 2399, 2411, 2417, 2423, 2437, 2441, 2447, 2459, 2467, 2473, 2477, 2503, 2521, 2531, 2539, 2543, 2549, 2551, 2557, 2579, 2591, 2593, 2609, 2617, 2621, 2633, 2647, 2657, 2659, 2663, 2671, 2677, 2683, 2687, 2689, 2693, 2699, 2707, 2711, 2713, 2719, 2729, 2731, 2741, 2749, 2753, 2767, 2777, 2789, 2791, 2797, 2801, 2803, 2819, 2833, 2837, 2843, 2851, 2857, 2861, 2879, 2887, 2897, 2903, 2909, 2917, 2927, 2939, 2953, 2957, 2963, 2969, 2971, 2999, 3001, 3011, 3019, 3023, 3037, 3041, 3049, 3061, 3067, 3079, 3083, 3089, 3109, 3119, 3121, 3137, 3163, 3167, 3169, 3181, 3187, 3191, 3203, 3209, 3217, 3221, 3229, 3251, 3253, 3257, 3259, 3271, 3299, 3301, 3307, 3313, 3319, 3323, 3329, 3331, 3343, 3347, 3359, 3361, 3371, 3373, 3389, 3391, 3407, 3413, 3433, 3449, 3457, 3461, 3463, 3467, 3469, 3491, 3499, 3511, 3517, 3527, 3529, 3533, 3539, 3541, 3547, 3557, 3559, 3571, 3581, 3583, 3593, 3607, 3613, 3617, 3623, 3631, 3637, 3643, 3659, 3671, 3673, 3677, 3691, 3697, 3701, 3709, 3719, 3727, 3733, 3739, 3761, 3767, 3769, 3779, 3793, 3797, 3803, 3821, 3823, 3833, 3847, 3851, 3853, 3863, 3877, 3881, 3889, 3907, 3911, 3917, 3919, 3923, 3929, 3931, 3943, 3947, 3967, 3989, 4001, 4003, 4007, 4013, 4019, 4021, 4027, 4049, 4051, 4057, 4073, 4079, 4091, 4093, 4099, 4111, 4127, 4129, 4133, 4139, 4153, 4157, 4159, 4177, 4201, 4211, 4217, 4219, 4229, 4231, 4241, 4243, 4253, 4259, 4261, 4271, 4273, 4283, 4289, 4297, 4327, 4337, 4339, 4349, 4357, 4363, 4373, 4391, 4397, 4409, 4421, 4423, 4441, 4447, 4451, 4457, 4463, 4481, 4483, 4493, 4507, 4513, 4517, 4519, 4523, 4547, 4549, 4561, 4567, 4583, 4591, 4597, 4603, 4621, 4637, 4639, 4643, 4649, 4651, 4657, 4663, 4673, 4679, 4691, 4703, 4721, 4723, 4729, 4733, 4751, 4759, 4783, 4787, 4789, 4793, 4799, 4801, 4813, 4817, 4831, 4861, 4871, 4877, 4889, 4903, 4909, 4919, 4931, 4933, 4937, 4943, 4951, 4957, 4967, 4969, 4973, 4987, 4993, 4999, 5003, 5009, 5011, 5021, 5023, 5039, 5051, 5059, 5077, 5081, 5087, 5099, 5101, 5107, 5113, 5119, 5147, 5153, 5167, 5171, 5179, 5189, 5197, 5209, 5227, 5231, 5233, 5237, 5261, 5273, 5279, 5281, 5297, 5303, 5309, 5323, 5333, 5347, 5351, 5381, 5387, 5393, 5399, 5407, 5413, 5417, 5419, 5431, 5437, 5441, 5443, 5449, 5471, 5477, 5479, 5483, 5501, 5503, 5507, 5519, 5521, 5527, 5531, 5557, 5563, 5569, 5573, 5581, 5591, 5623, 5639, 5641, 5647, 5651, 5653, 5657, 5659, 5669, 5683, 5689, 5693, 5701, 5711, 5717, 5737, 5741, 5743, 5749, 5779, 5783, 5791, 5801, 5807, 5813, 5821, 5827, 5839, 5843, 5849, 5851, 5857, 5861, 5867, 5869, 5879, 5881, 5897, 5903, 5923, 5927, 5939, 5953, 5981, 5987, 6007, 6011, 6029, 6037, 6043, 6047, 6053, 6067, 6073, 6079, 6089, 6091, 6101, 6113, 6121, 6131, 6133, 6143, 6151, 6163, 6173, 6197, 6199, 6203, 6211, 6217, 6221, 6229, 6247, 6257, 6263, 6269, 6271, 6277, 6287, 6299, 6301, 6311, 6317, 6323, 6329, 6337, 6343, 6353, 6359, 6361, 6367, 6373, 6379, 6389, 6397, 6421, 6427, 6449, 6451, 6469, 6473, 6481, 6491, 6521, 6529, 6547, 6551, 6553, 6563, 6569, 6571, 6577, 6581, 6599, 6607, 6619, 6637, 6653, 6659, 6661, 6673, 6679, 6689, 6691, 6701, 6703, 6709, 6719, 6733, 6737, 6761, 6763, 6779, 6781, 6791, 6793, 6803, 6823, 6827, 6829, 6833, 6841, 6857, 6863, 6869, 6871, 6883, 6899, 6907, 6911, 6917, 6947, 6949, 6959, 6961, 6967, 6971, 6977, 6983, 6991, 6997, 7001, 7013, 7019, 7027, 7039, 7043, 7057, 7069, 7079, 7103, 7109, 7121, 7127, 7129, 7151, 7159, 7177, 7187, 7193, 7207, 7211, 7213, 7219, 7229, 7237, 7243, 7247, 7253, 7283, 7297, 7307, 7309, 7321, 7331, 7333, 7349, 7351, 7369, 7393, 7411, 7417, 7433, 7451, 7457, 7459, 7477, 7481, 7487, 7489, 7499, 7507, 7517, 7523, 7529, 7537, 7541, 7547, 7549, 7559, 7561, 7573, 7577, 7583, 7589, 7591, 7603, 7607, 7621, 7639, 7643, 7649, 7669, 7673, 7681, 7687, 7691, 7699, 7703, 7717, 7723, 7727, 7741, 7753, 7757, 7759, 7789, 7793, 7817, 7823, 7829, 7841, 7853, 7867, 7873, 7877, 7879, 7883, 7901, 7907, 7919, 7927, 7933, 7937, 7949, 7951, 7963, 7993, 8009, 8011, 8017, 8039, 8053, 8059, 8069, 8081, 8087, 8089, 8093, 8101, 8111, 8117, 8123, 8147, 8161, 8167, 8171, 8179, 8191, 8209, 8219, 8221, 8231, 8233, 8237, 8243, 8263, 8269, 8273, 8287, 8291, 8293, 8297, 8311, 8317, 8329, 8353, 8363, 8369, 8377, 8387, 8389, 8419, 8423, 8429, 8431, 8443, 8447, 8461, 8467, 8501, 8513, 8521, 8527, 8537, 8539, 8543, 8563, 8573, 8581, 8597, 8599, 8609, 8623, 8627, 8629, 8641, 8647, 8663, 8669, 8677, 8681, 8689, 8693, 8699, 8707, 8713, 8719, 8731, 8737, 8741, 8747, 8753, 8761, 8779, 8783, 8803, 8807, 8819, 8821, 8831, 8837, 8839, 8849, 8861, 8863, 8867, 8887, 8893, 8923, 8929, 8933, 8941, 8951, 8963, 8969, 8971, 8999, 9001, 9007, 9011, 9013, 9029, 9041, 9043, 9049, 9059, 9067, 9091, 9103, 9109, 9127, 9133, 9137, 9151, 9157, 9161, 9173, 9181, 9187, 9199, 9203, 9209, 9221, 9227, 9239, 9241, 9257, 9277, 9281, 9283, 9293, 9311, 9319, 9323, 9337, 9341, 9343, 9349, 9371, 9377, 9391, 9397, 9403, 9413, 9419, 9421, 9431, 9433, 9437, 9439, 9461, 9463, 9467, 9473, 9479, 9491, 9497, 9511, 9521, 9533, 9539, 9547, 9551, 9587, 9601, 9613, 9619, 9623, 9629, 9631, 9643, 9649, 9661, 9677, 9679, 9689, 9697, 9719, 9721, 9733, 9739, 9743, 9749, 9767, 9769, 9781, 9787, 9791, 9803, 9811, 9817, 9829, 9833, 9839, 9851, 9857, 9859, 9871, 9883, 9887, 9901, 9907, 9923, 9929, 9931, 9941, 9949, 9967, 9973]

59490679579998635868564022242503445659680322440679327938309703916140405638383434744833220555452130558140772894046169700747186409941317550665821619479140098743288335106272856533978719769677794737287419461899922456614256826709727133515885581878614846298251428096512495590545989536239739285290509870860732435109794045491640561011775744617218426011793283330497878491137999673760740717904979730106994180691956740996319139767941335979146924614249205862051182094081815447356600355657858936442589201739350474320966093143098768914226528498860747050474426418211313776073365498029087492308102876323562641651940555529817223923967479711293692697592800750806084802623966596666156361791014935954720420383555300213829134029560826306201326905674141090667002959274513478562033467485802590354539887133866434256562999666615074220857502563011098759348850149774083443643246907501430076141377431759984926248272553982527014011245310690986644461251576837779050124866641531488351016070300247918750613207952783437248236577750579092103591540592540838395240861443615842939673889972504776455114767522430347610500271801944701491874649306605557851914677316523034726044356368337787113190245601235705959816327016988315321850324065292964680148884818699916224411245926491625245571963741062587277736372090007125908660590314049976206281064703285728879581199596401313352724403492043120507597057004633720111008838673185885941472392623805512709896864520875740497617898566981218781313900004406341154884180472153171064617953661517880143988867189622824081729539392205701820144922307223627345876707465251206005262622236311161449785941834002795854996108322186230425179217618301526151712928790928933798369678844576216735378555233905935973195721247604933753363412045618703247367192610615234835041956551569232557323060407648325565048712478527583315981204846341857095134567470182330491262285172727037299211391244340592936174221176781260586188162350081192408213470101717320475998863222409777310443027421196981193126541663212124245716187453863438039402316877152286468198891603632606578778749292403571792687832081974134637014026451921536576338243322267400651083805535119025415817887075652758045539565968044552126338330231434466204888993650859153585380124240540573308417330478048240203241631072371322849430883727355239704116556046700749530006852187064160849175332758172150251213637470549781080491037088372092203085237973008861896576796238915011886636658033019385943299986285181723378096425117379056207797455963451889971988904466449319007760192467211209692128894691704353648198130409333996534250878389064152054828983825841234644875996912485916827004219887033833599723481903489316488764021700996686817244736947119285629049355809027206179193628292018441744552168286541735687924729198455883895791600170372255284216915442808139396541702893732917062958054499525549626455191658842064247047426187897146172971001949767308335268505414284088528125611263685734457560292833389995980698745893243832547007166243476192958601735336260255598581701267151224204461879782815468518040925292817115377696676461775120750971210951527384637825092221708015393564320979357698186262039029460777050248162599194429941464248920952161182024344007059684970270762248243899640259750891406957836740989312390963091260380990901672119736141666856448171380781556117025832312710039041398538035351795267732240730608951176127282191528457681241590895740457571038936173983449289126574141189374690274057472401359482497502067814596008557725079835212621242944853319496441084441343866446380876967613370281793088540430288658573281302876742323336651987699532240686371751448290351615451932054274752105688318766958111191822471878078268490672607804265064578569581247796205593441336042254502454646980009177290888726099355974892680373341371214123450598691915802122913613669446370194221846225597401405625536693874723700374068542217340621938985167525416725638580266200550048001242788847319217369432802469735271132107428204697172144851088692772696511622350096452418244968500432645305761138012204888798724453956720733374364721511323104353496583927094760495687785031050687852300161433757934364774351673531859394855389527851678630166084819717354779333605871648837631164630550613112327670353108353791304451834904017538583880634608113426156225757314283269948216017294095002859515842577481167417167637534527111130468710

Time taken 5.01600003242 seconds

The growing dimension of the Primorial is impressive which still requires the need to start every time from one for its calculation, however I believe that Vincs's theorem and its proof are valid, and I have confirmed through calculations that the method is effective and applicable both as a primality test and as a method for generating increasingly larger prime numbers.

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